情景化語法教學(xué)初探
目前,英語教學(xué)正處于改革的時(shí)代,課堂教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)對交際運(yùn)用英語的能力的培養(yǎng),強(qiáng)調(diào)讓學(xué)生在情景中積極操練。教師應(yīng)該像樂隊(duì)的指揮,讓學(xué)生自己充當(dāng)樂師在交際演奏中獲得能力。因此,有人認(rèn)為只要提供學(xué)生大量的實(shí)踐機(jī)會就行了,語法規(guī)則不必講授。但是,英語畢竟不是我國學(xué)生的母話,教師不講授語法知識,學(xué)生很難掌握語法規(guī)則,特別是到了高中階段,學(xué)生如果沒有掌握好語法,就難以快速、準(zhǔn)確地學(xué)好英語。然而,語法知識抽象難懂,如果教師只顧化大量的時(shí)間講授,讓學(xué)生化大量的時(shí)間背誦枯燥的語法規(guī)則,那么不僅學(xué)生難以掌握必要的知識,也不利于運(yùn)用英語能力的提高,與目前先進(jìn)的教學(xué)思想是相悖的。
其實(shí),只要把語法知識與語言情景,尤其是課堂真實(shí)情景有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來,那么,語法知識就會真切可感而不再抽象空泛。學(xué)生不僅在情景中輕松地掌握了語法,同時(shí)還進(jìn)行了語言實(shí)踐。
例如,為了讓學(xué)生弄懂have sth to do, have sth. /sb. done, have sth. /sb. doing, have sb. do這幾組結(jié)構(gòu)的語法意義,首先,要引起學(xué)生對以上幾組結(jié)構(gòu)所包含的語法的關(guān)注,于是,我讓中下程序的幾個(gè)學(xué)生上黑板用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空做以下幾個(gè)題目:
1) The nurse has several patients (look after).
2) They had the patient (take) to the hospital.
3) The boss had him (work) all day long.
4)I had him (wait) at the gate.
結(jié)果當(dāng)然會出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,先不訂正錯(cuò)誤,而是面對全班同學(xué)說:
Attention, please!
I have something important to say.(這句寫到黑板上)
對第一排的一位同學(xué)說:
Stand up, please.
然后,問全班:
What did I ask him to do?
Ss: You asked him to stand up.
T: Yes. I had him stand up(寫到黑板上)
T: I had him standing while we were talking.(寫到黑板上)讓那位同學(xué)坐下,再對全班說:
I had him sit down.
T: Have I said that important thing?
Ss: No.
T: No? But, I think I have said it. And next, I'll have a difficult problem solved.(最后一句寫到黑板上)
最后,師生共同歸納出前面的那幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)公式,經(jīng)過補(bǔ)充和分析,說明have分別表示“有”、使役動詞“使、讓、要”等,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生弄清非謂語動詞在各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)式中的作用。這時(shí),再請同學(xué)們來訂正原先黑板上練習(xí)中的錯(cuò)誤,就容易了。再配以適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí)鞏固一下,學(xué)生就能很好地掌握了。
在教學(xué)過程中,捕捉一些偶然出現(xiàn)的情況加以利用,也會給學(xué)生留下深刻的印象。有一次,在復(fù)習(xí)到虛擬語氣時(shí),剛巧我得了感冒,上課過程中時(shí)時(shí)忍不住要咳嗽,聲音有些沙啞。于是,等一陣咳嗽一完,我便由衷地說:
How I wish I had not caught cold!
然后,問一位同學(xué)。
What advice would you give me if you were a doctor?
S: Take some medicine. Have a good rest. And drink much water.
T: Could you stop my cough right now? It hurt me so much.
S: Sorry. There is no method that can stop cough immediately.
T: How I wish you know how to stop my cough right now!
接著面對全班:
I wish man could get rid of colds some day.
最后,走到黑板前,一邊說:Just now, I said I wished I had not caught cold. ……寫那三句含有wished 的句子,一邊寫出:
I wish/wished I had not caught cold.(與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望)
I with/wished you knew how to stop my cough right now.(與現(xiàn)在/當(dāng)時(shí)事實(shí)相反的愿望)
I with/wished man could get rid of colds some day.(與將來事實(shí)相反或不太可能實(shí)踐的愿望)
wish后面賓語從句中虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)形式有的同學(xué)弄不明白,那是因?yàn),他們把非真?shí)條件句中主從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)相互關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤地遷移過來了。為了克服這個(gè)負(fù)遷移,要注意把學(xué)生的注意力引導(dǎo)到wish從句中來,讓學(xué)生把已經(jīng)掌握的非真實(shí)條件句中虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)概念正確地遷移到wish賓語從句中來。在上面所舉的真實(shí)情景中,學(xué)生聽著我一邊咳著、沙啞著表達(dá)我的難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,就能夠深刻地理解和掌握這一語法含義和用法。
顯然,課堂中能夠真實(shí)呈現(xiàn)的語法教學(xué)情景,比依靠學(xué)生回憶,想象營造出來的情境更鮮明形象,更富有魅力。盡管課堂教學(xué)受到時(shí)間和空間的限制,創(chuàng)設(shè)情景的素材有一定的局限。然而,教師只要多留心,多想辦法,多總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn),課堂上能為學(xué)生感知的各種人和事物,諸如天氣、教室中的擺設(shè)和教具,簡筆畫以及教師和學(xué)生的情況等等,都有可能被巧妙地利用。每一條語法規(guī)則的教學(xué),只要根植于真切的情景這一豐厚的土壤,都能開出絢麗的花朵。
相關(guān)熱詞搜索:教師 其實(shí),只要把語法知識與語言情景,尤其是課堂真實(shí)情景有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來,那么,語法知識就會真切可感而不再抽象空泛。學(xué)生不僅在情景中輕松地掌握了語法,同時(shí)還進(jìn)行了語言實(shí)踐。
例如,為了讓學(xué)生弄懂have sth to do, have sth. /sb. done, have sth. /sb. doing, have sb. do這幾組結(jié)構(gòu)的語法意義,首先,要引起學(xué)生對以上幾組結(jié)構(gòu)所包含的語法的關(guān)注,于是,我讓中下程序的幾個(gè)學(xué)生上黑板用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空做以下幾個(gè)題目:
1) The nurse has several patients (look after).
2) They had the patient (take) to the hospital.
3) The boss had him (work) all day long.
4)I had him (wait) at the gate.
結(jié)果當(dāng)然會出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,先不訂正錯(cuò)誤,而是面對全班同學(xué)說:
Attention, please!
I have something important to say.(這句寫到黑板上)
對第一排的一位同學(xué)說:
Stand up, please.
然后,問全班:
What did I ask him to do?
Ss: You asked him to stand up.
T: Yes. I had him stand up(寫到黑板上)
T: I had him standing while we were talking.(寫到黑板上)讓那位同學(xué)坐下,再對全班說:
I had him sit down.
T: Have I said that important thing?
Ss: No.
T: No? But, I think I have said it. And next, I'll have a difficult problem solved.(最后一句寫到黑板上)
最后,師生共同歸納出前面的那幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)公式,經(jīng)過補(bǔ)充和分析,說明have分別表示“有”、使役動詞“使、讓、要”等,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生弄清非謂語動詞在各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)式中的作用。這時(shí),再請同學(xué)們來訂正原先黑板上練習(xí)中的錯(cuò)誤,就容易了。再配以適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí)鞏固一下,學(xué)生就能很好地掌握了。
在教學(xué)過程中,捕捉一些偶然出現(xiàn)的情況加以利用,也會給學(xué)生留下深刻的印象。有一次,在復(fù)習(xí)到虛擬語氣時(shí),剛巧我得了感冒,上課過程中時(shí)時(shí)忍不住要咳嗽,聲音有些沙啞。于是,等一陣咳嗽一完,我便由衷地說:
How I wish I had not caught cold!
然后,問一位同學(xué)。
What advice would you give me if you were a doctor?
S: Take some medicine. Have a good rest. And drink much water.
T: Could you stop my cough right now? It hurt me so much.
S: Sorry. There is no method that can stop cough immediately.
T: How I wish you know how to stop my cough right now!
接著面對全班:
I wish man could get rid of colds some day.
最后,走到黑板前,一邊說:Just now, I said I wished I had not caught cold. ……寫那三句含有wished 的句子,一邊寫出:
I wish/wished I had not caught cold.(與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望)
I with/wished you knew how to stop my cough right now.(與現(xiàn)在/當(dāng)時(shí)事實(shí)相反的愿望)
I with/wished man could get rid of colds some day.(與將來事實(shí)相反或不太可能實(shí)踐的愿望)
wish后面賓語從句中虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)形式有的同學(xué)弄不明白,那是因?yàn),他們把非真?shí)條件句中主從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)相互關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤地遷移過來了。為了克服這個(gè)負(fù)遷移,要注意把學(xué)生的注意力引導(dǎo)到wish從句中來,讓學(xué)生把已經(jīng)掌握的非真實(shí)條件句中虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)概念正確地遷移到wish賓語從句中來。在上面所舉的真實(shí)情景中,學(xué)生聽著我一邊咳著、沙啞著表達(dá)我的難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,就能夠深刻地理解和掌握這一語法含義和用法。
顯然,課堂中能夠真實(shí)呈現(xiàn)的語法教學(xué)情景,比依靠學(xué)生回憶,想象營造出來的情境更鮮明形象,更富有魅力。盡管課堂教學(xué)受到時(shí)間和空間的限制,創(chuàng)設(shè)情景的素材有一定的局限。然而,教師只要多留心,多想辦法,多總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn),課堂上能為學(xué)生感知的各種人和事物,諸如天氣、教室中的擺設(shè)和教具,簡筆畫以及教師和學(xué)生的情況等等,都有可能被巧妙地利用。每一條語法規(guī)則的教學(xué),只要根植于真切的情景這一豐厚的土壤,都能開出絢麗的花朵。
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